Albadi, N., Kurdi, M., & Mishra, S. (2018). Are They Our Brothers? Analysis and Detection of Religious Hate Speech in The Arabic Twittersphere. 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), 69–76.

Anis, M. Y. (2020). Bentuk dan Latar Belakang Munculnya Hate Speech dalam Bahasa Arab: Analisis Morfologi dan Pragmatik. Aksara, 32(1), 119–134.

Banks, J. (2010). Regulating Hate Speech Online. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 24(3), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2010.522323

Bonotti, M. (2017). Religion, Hate Speech and Non-Domination. Ethnicities, 17(2), 259–274.

Chekol, M. A., Moges, M. A., & Nigatu, B. A. (2023). Social Media Hate Speech in The Walk of Ethiopian Political Reform: Analysis of Hate Speech Prevalence, Severity, and Natures. Information, Communication & Society, 26(1), 218–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942955

de Silva, A., & Kenyon, A. T. (2022). Countering Hate Speech in Context: Positive Freedom of Speech. Journal of Media Law, 14(1), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2022.2083680

Enarsson, T., & Lindgren, S. (2019). Free Speech or Hate Speech? A Legal Analysis of The Discourse About Roma on Twitter. Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1494415

Franguloiu, S., & Hegheș, N. E. (2024). A New Approach to Hate Crime and Hate Speech. SCIENTIA, 49.

Franguloiu, S., & Hegheș, N.-E. (2023). Hate Crimes and Hate Speech: A Comparative Study. Scientia Moralitas-International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(2), 1–12.

Gorenc, N. (2022). Hate Speech or Free Speech: An Ethical Dilemma? International Review of Sociology, 32(3), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2133406

Graziani, E. (2021). The Language of Politics Between Hate Speech and Hate Crimes. Metabasis. IT, 16(32), 197–210.

Hafit, M. A. (2023). Analisis Tindak Tutur Ilokusi Ujaran Kebencian pada Etnis Tionghoa dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Jurnal Komposisi, 8(1), 48–55.

Hochmann, T. (2022). Hate Speech Online: The Government as Regulator and As Speaker. Journal of Media Law, 14(1), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2022.2085014

Kang, M. (2020). Introduction: How Would Asia and Europe Go Beyond the Hate Speech? Dalam Hate Speech in Asia and Europe (hlm. 1–4). Routledge.

Kang, M., Rive-Lasan, M., Kim, W., Hall, P., & Park, S. (2020). Hate Speech in Asia and Europe. London: Routledge.

Kim, J. Y., & Kesari, A. (2021). Misinformation and Hate Speech: The Case of Anti-Asian Hate Speech During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(1).

Kohl, U. (2022). Platform Regulation of Hate Speech–A Transatlantic Speech Compromise? Journal of Media Law, 14(1), 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2022.2082520

Kurniasih, D. (2019). Ujaran Kebencian di Ruang Publik: Analisis Pragmatik pada Data Pusat Studi Agama dan Perdamaian (PSAP) Solo Raya. Jurnal Studi Agama dan Masyarakat, 15(1), 49–57.

Li, J., & Ning, Y. (2022). Anti-Asian Hate Speech Detection via Data Augmented Semantic Relation Inference. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 16, 607–617.

Matamoros-Fernández, A., & Farkas, J. (2021). Racism, Hate Speech, and Social Media: A Systematic Review and Critique. Television & new media, 22(2), 205–224.

Nurik, C. (2019). “Men Are Scumâ€: Self-Regulation, Hate Speech, and Gender-Based Censorship on Facebook. International Journal of Communication, 13, 21.

Ortega-Sánchez, D., Blanch, J. P., Quintana, J. I., Cal, E. S. de la, & de la Fuente-Anuncibay, R. (2021). Hate Speech, Emotions, and Gender Identities: A Study of Social Narratives on Twitter With Trainee Teachers. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4055.

Peršak, N. (2022). Criminalising Hate Crime and Hate Speech at EU level: Extending the List of Eurocrimes under Article 83 (1) TFEU. Criminal Law Forum, 33(2), 85–119.

Piazza, J. A. (2020). Politician Hate Speech and Domestic Terrorism. International Interactions, 46(3), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1739033

Riany, M. P., Manurung, N. S., & Hakiem, H. (2022). Ujaran Kebencian Terhadap Islam di YouTube di Indonesia Periode Januari-Juni 2021. Da’watuna: Journal of Communication and Islamic Broadcasting, 2(4), 184–198.

Sap, M., Card, D., Gabriel, S., Choi, Y., & Smith, N. A. (2019). The Risk of Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection. Proceedings of the 57th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, 1668–1678.

Sholihatin, E. (2019). Linguistik Forensik dan Kejahatan Berbahasa. Pustaka Pelajar.

Siyuan, C. (2023). Regulating online hate speech: the Singapore experiment. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2023.2295091

Solovev, K., & Pröllochs, N. (2022). Hate Speech in The Political Discourse on Social Media: Disparities Across Parties, Gender, and Ethnicity. Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022, 3656–3661.

Woods, F. A., & Ruscher, J. B. (2021). Viral Sticks, Virtual Stones: Addressing Anonymous Hate Speech Online. Patterns of Prejudice, 55(3), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2021.1968586

Zamri, N. A. K., Mohamad Nasir, N. A., Hassim, M. N., & Ramli, S. M. (2023). Digital Hate Speech and Othering: The Construction of Hate Speech from Malaysian Perspectives. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1), 2229089. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2229089